ICMR looks at COVID-19 vaccine launch
Clinicians differ: Covaxin has ‘potential’, but it is unlikely to be ready by that time. A vaccine for COVID-19 from India is unlikely to be ready for public use by August 15 but early data on whether it is safe and proof of its working could be available by then, say clinicians involved with the trial. The vaccine candidate, called Covaxin, has been developed by Hyderabad-based, Bharat Biotech India Ltd (BBIL) who got approvals from the Drug Controller General of India on June 29 for phase-1 and phase-2 trials. The trials are done on groups of people... Read More
Clostridium difficile (klos-TRID-e-um dif-uh-SEEL), also known as Clostridioides difficile and often referred to as C. difficile or C. diff, is a bacterium that can cause symptoms ranging from diarrhea to life-threatening inflammation of the colon. Illness from C. difficile most commonly affects older adults in hospitals or in long-term care facilities and typically occurs after use of antibiotic medications. However, studies show increasing rates of C. difficile infection among people traditionally not considered to be at high risk, such as young and healthy individuals who haven't used antibiotics and who haven't been in a health care facility. ... 
Liver transplantation or hepatic transplantation is the replacement of a diseased liver with the healthy liver from another person (allograft). Liver transplantation is a treatment option for end-stage liver disease and acute liver failure, although availability of donor organs is a major limitation. The most common technique is orthotopic transplantation, in which the native liver is removed and replaced by the donor organ in the same anatomic position as the original liver. The surgical procedure is complex, requiring careful harvest of the donor organ and meticulous implantation into the recipient. Liver transplantation is highly regulated, and only performed at designated transplant medical centers by highly trained transplant physicians and supporting... 
Kidney transplantation or renal transplantation is the organ transplant of a kidney into a patient with end-stage kidney disease. Kidney transplantation is typically classified as deceased-donor (formerly known as cadaveric) or living-donor transplantation depending on the source of the donor organ. Living-donor kidney transplants are further characterized as genetically related (living-related) or non-related (living-unrelated) transplants, depending on whether a biological relationship exists between the donor and recipient. Exchanges and chains are a novel approach to expand the living donor pool. In February 2012, this novel approach to expand the living donor pool resulted in the largest chain in the world, involving 60 participants organized by the National Kidney Registry.... 
Soft ticks (Argasidae) constitute the second family of ticks in terms of diversity, including near 215 extant species. However, this account could be underestimated since from 2008 at least one species per year has been described. Studies on the biology (feeding habits, saliva, morphology), and systematics of these leathery parasites have provided insights to the understanding of tick evolution. Soft ticks are secretive parasites adapted to feeding on terrestrial vertebrates, including birds and bats, and are relevant for veterinary and human health. They can starve for years, and harbor a plethora of microorganisms, including the closest relatives to Coxiella burnetii;... 
The WHO informs that vector-borne diseases account for more than 17% of all infectious diseases of humans. Similarly, among the 117 diseases of animals listed by the OIE, 20 of them are transmitted by vectors. Ticks are second to mosquitoes as vectors of disease and, with almost 900 species world-wide, they are known to parasitize mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. In many cases, there is a balance between host health and tick parasitism which appears to be due to co-evolution. The appearance of blood-feeding arthropods during evolution, therefore, represents a formidable selective pressure on defensive responses of vertebrate hosts. Furthermore,... 
With delayed treatment, schistosome and soil transmitted helminth (STH) infections in young children (<5 years)could potentially lead to irreversible lifelong detrimental health effects. This is because these infections are known tocause suboptimal growth and development in this critical phase of life. The present study sought to document theburden of schistosome and STH infections in TaitaTaveta County, Kenya, by determining the prevalence andintensity of the infections in children less than 5 years of age. The study also appraised the association betweeninfections with schistosomes, anaemia and nutritional status in children. A total of 132 children, 53.8% males, wereenrolled in the survey.... 
Giardiasis, an illness that affects the digestive tract (stomach and intestines), is caused by a microscopic parasite called Giardia lamblia. The parasite attaches itself to the lining of the small intestines in humans, where it interferes with the body's absorption of fats and carbohydrates from digested foods. Giardia is one of the chief causes of 
Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious bacterial infection thatattacks the lungs and spread to other organs. Globally, tuberculosisremains one of the leading causes of death and public health problems despite dramatic improvements made in providing access to high-quality TB services. WHO estimates that about one third of all incidentcases of active TB are not properly diagnosed or receive care of poorquality outside of national TB programs. Among diagnosed cases,the delay of the result is often long. Determination of diseaseactivity of pulmonary tuberculosis is important for treatment; butfollow-up of the infection activity and response to therapy is not always easy... 
Psoriasis is a common skin condition that speeds up the life cycle of skin cells. It causes cells to build up rapidly on the surface of the skin. The extra skin cells form scales and red patches that are itchy and sometimes painful. Psoriasis is a chronic disease that often comes and goes. The main goal of treatment is to stop the skin cells from growing so quickly. There is no cure for psoriasis, but you can manage symptoms. Lifestyle measures, such as moisturizing, quitting smoking and managing stress, may help. Symptoms Psoriasis signs and symptoms are different for everyone.... 
Generalized Pustular Psoriasis (GPP) is an enigmatic, chronic skin inflammatory disease, developing independently or in association with preexisting plaque psoriasis. Since the IL36RN mutation was revealed in some GPP cases in 2011, understanding of molecular patho-mechanisms of GPP has begun rapidly advancing in this decade. Namely, mutations/variants of IL36RN or CARD14 or AP1S3 have been found to be the cause of some GPP. Moreover, animal models of the disease have been developed recently and been analyzed to reveal immunological aspects of GPP. Meanwhile, many new medicines and therapies have also been developed and therapeutic management of this disorder is also... 
Chronic pruritus (CP) is defined by the presence of the sensation for at least 6 weeks according to the International Forum for the Study of Itch (IFSI). CP is described as a symptom of pruritogenic diseases such as inflammatory, infectious and autoimmune dermatoses, hepatobiliary and chronic kidney diseases, systemic and cutaneous lymphoma, solid neoplasms, neuropathic and psychic diseases. As a disease symptom, CP is highly prevalent in the population. Though CP parallels the onset of the causing disease, treatment of the underlying disease does not control, in most cases, the pruritus. In diabetes mellitus, for example, control of the metabolic... 
1) Zeposia (ozanimod) Capsules Company: Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Date of Approval: March 25, 2020 Treatment for: Multiple Sclerosis Zeposia (ozanimod) is a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator indicated for the treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). 2) Isturisa (osilodrostat) Tablets Company: Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation Date of Approval: March 6, 2020 Treatment for: Cushing's Syndrome Isturisa (osilodrostat) is a cortisol synthesis inhibitor indicated for the treatment of adult patients with Cushing’s disease. 3) Durysta (bimatoprost) Implant Company: Allergan plc Date of Approval: March 3, 2020 Treatment for: Glaucoma (Open Angle), Intraocular Hypertension Durysta (bimatoprost implant) is a prostaglandin... 
There has been a spate of drug related illnesses and deaths reported from Pakistan in the press this year. In November, at least 17 people died in the eastern city of Lahore after drinking toxic cough syrup. Earlier in January, an adulterated heart medicine dispensed by the Punjab Institute of Cardiology claimed lives of at least 69 heart patients. It seems appropriate to put these happenings in some perspective. Cough syrups have been at the center of several cases of mass poisonings around the world in recent years, often involving accidental or intentional use of industrial solvent - diethylene... 
Overview Infectious diseases are transmitted from person to person by direct or indirect contact. Certain types of viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi can all cause infectious disease. Malaria, measles, and respiratory illnesses are examples of infectious diseases. Simple preventative measures, such as frequent hand washing, can cut down on disease transmission. Direct contact Infectious diseases are often spread through direct contact. Types of direct contact include: 1. Person-to-person contact Infectious diseases are commonly transmitted through direct person-to-person contact. Transmission occurs when an infected person touches or exchanges body fluids with someone else. This can happen before an... 
The problem of antibiotic resistance in bacteria has reached the crisis stage. Coincident with ever-increasing rates of resistance to conventional antibiotics is the slowing in development of novel-acting antibiotics by the pharmaceutical industry. The convergence of these trends has led to the relatively common occurrence of multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant bacteria. The World Health Organization recently reported that “a postantibiotic era—in which common infections and minor injuries can kill—far from being an apocalyptic fantasy, is instead a very real possibility for the 21st century”. To fathom such a future, one need only ponder the past. At the beginning of the... 
Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is a disease-modifying treatment for IgE-mediated diseases induced by aeroallergens and food allergens. The efficacy of AIT for airborne allergens is somewhat different from food allergens. The management of allergy induced by aeroallergens involves (i) allergen avoidance; (ii) the use of antihistamines and (iii) nasal corticosteroids. Those who do not respond to pharmacotherapy are than eligible to receive AIT. Long-term administration of AIT results in the modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses and the induction of tolerance. The disease-modifying effect is both antigen-specific and antigen-driven. Clinical improvement is accompanied by decreases in effector cells in target... 
Food allergy is an adverse reaction to dietary antigens that results from a breakdown of immune tolerance to ingested foods. The prevalence of food allergy has risen dramatically in the last few decades. Food allergy has significant morbidity, dramatically impairs quality of life, and creates a tremendous burden on our healthcare system. Although important advances have been made in understanding the breakdown of tolerance and the resultant reactions to food antigens, many aspects of the deviation of the immune response causing food allergy remain unclear. The involvement of IgE and increased T helper 2 (Th2) immune responses in these patients... 
Author Name: Keith Howell Category Name: Medical science Description: Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells or 
Author Name: Keith Howell Category Name: Medical science Description: In highly organized biological systems like multicellular organisms, tight regulation of growth and death is imminent. If cells are no longer required, they commit suicide by activating an intracellular death program. This method of programmed cell death is called 
When a doctor tries to figure out the cause of a disease, they are actually trying to figure out the etiology of the disease. Etiology is the cause of a disease or the science that deals with such causes. The word etiology comes from the Greek etio-, which means 'causation' and -ology, which refers to the scientific study of something. You might be familiar with similar terms such as biology and geology. These words also refer to the scientific study of something. Biology is the study of life (bio) and geology is the study of the earth or rocks (geo). A disease's... 
The world experienced the outbreaks of coronavirus infection that threaten global pandemic in 2002-2003 by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and in 2011 by Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). In both cases, the causative agents (SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, respectively) were newly identified coronavirus in the genus Beta coronavirus with zoonotic origin. At the end of 2019, outbreak of another coronavirus that causes respiratory-related illness was reported in Wuhan, Hubei, China, a disease now officially called “ the Corona Virus Disease 2019; COVID-19”. The coronavirus that is the causative agent of this respiratory disease was identified and its genome is fully... 
It’s easy to forget that just a few months ago, the virus that is causing the Covid-19 pandemic around the world was not known, at all, to science. In the months and weeks since, researchers have been learning as much as they can about this pathogen — and at breakneck speed. Scientists have sequenced its genome and begun to create vaccines in the hope of making people immune to it. They’ve also learned, critically, that people can pass the virus on to others before they get symptoms themselves. That makes the virus hard to contain. But it also makes it clear that severe actions — like... 
The heart of IMMULITE 1000 is the proprietary Test Unit, which offers a breakthrough in automated bead washing. The Test Unit, containing an assay-specific coated bead, serves as the reaction vessel for all sample processing. Spinning the Test Unit at high speed efficiently expels fluid into the integral sump chamber. The tube design allows for multiple discrete washes within seconds, ensuring excellent separation of unbound material for highly sensitive assays. IMMULITE 1000's unique wash technique produces extremely low and consistent nonspecific binding, which is critical for assay performance. Sustained Chemiluminescence IMMULITE 1000's enzyme-amplified chemiluminescence translates into lower detection limits... 
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women worldwide including cancers in young patients (defined as ≤ 40 years). As compared to tumors arising in older patients, breast cancers in young women tend to be diagnosed at more advanced stages and to harbor more aggressive biological features. Young age at breast cancer diagnosis has been historically considered a poor prognostic factor particularly in the case of luminal-like breast cancers. Disparities in tumor biology, inappropriate treatment and lower therapeutic adherence to systemic therapies may be considered potential explanations for these findings. Importantly, when managing young women with newly diagnosed breast... 
Breast cancer is the leading cancer in women worldwide and is increasing in developing countries where the majority of cases are diagnosed at later stages (WHO, 2018). Mutations in breast cancer genes (i.e. BRCA-1, BRCA-2) confer a high risk of breast cancer. However, familial cases are rare and contribute a relatively small percentage of breast cancer tumors. Risk factors for both familial and sporadic breast cancer include no or delayed reproductive history, exposure to exogenous estrogens, and use of contraceptive or replacement hormones therapies. Dietary and lifestyle-related conditions that affect the risk of breast cancer include overweight and obesity, and... 
To describe a rare case with generalized tetanus to reinforce the relevance of early detection and management. Case report: A 38 year old Pakistani man presented with neck stiffness to the emergency room 12 d after he had trivial nail injury to his foot for which he didn’t need to seek any medical advice. Tetanus was diagnosed based on clinical symptoms and history. The management consist of antibiotics therapy with penicillin-metronidazole, tetanus toxoid and tetanus immunoglobulin with other supportive measure in the ICU. The patient had full recovery after 6 way in ICU followed by intensive physiotherapy and rehabilitation.... 
Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria are becoming increasingly prevalent in biofilm associated infections. Bacteria form biofilms that allow their survival in hostile environments. The amount of formed biofilm is affected by external environmental factors. This study investigates the effect of specific parameters (media type, incubation condition, and growth stage) on the amount of produced biofilm on antibiotic resistant bacterial strains, Escherichia coli (CTX-M-15, TEM-3, and IMP-type) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (OXA-48, SHV-18, NDM-1, and KPC-3). The amount of biofilm formed was measured at different time points (6, 12, 24 and 48 h) of incubations under static and shaking conditions, using... 
Droplet digital PCR analysis of human embryonic culture media collected in a proof of con-cept study on IVF pregnancy outcome. miR-191-3p was analysed in spent human embryonic culture media of morphologically similar, good quality embryos which after later transfer developed either to reproductively competent embryos and healthy neonates or of those, where miscarriage occurred in early stage of the pregnancy. Methods: Spent culture media at the morula-blastocyst stage (3rd day) were collected from embryos fertilised with ICSI and undergoing embryo transfer. After registered pregnancy outcome 40 samples from the group of reproductively competent embryos, 40 samples from miscarriage and their... 
Prostatic adenocarcinoma (PCa) is one of the major contributors to malignancy in men worldwide and second leading cause of cancer death after lung cancer. PCa is an aggressive disease and shows a strong predilection to metastasize into the bones and pelvic lymphatic nodes. In contrast, the metastatic spreads into testicles are rare, accounting up to 4% of all prostate cancer (PCa) cases. Here we present a case from our practice of unilateral testicular metastasis, developed secondary to prostatic carcinoma and diagnosed 6 months after radical prostatectomy. A 69-year-old man presented to our outpatient department for regular follow-up 9 months after... 
Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most common cancer type among Caucasians. The incidence of squamous cell carcinoma is 60-250 times higher in immunosuppressed organ transplant recipients when compared to the general population. An etiologic role of human papillomaviruses (HPV) from genus beta has been suggested for many years because of their well-documented carcinogenicity in patients with epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV). In addition to the EV patients, their carcinogenic activity has been strengthened in recent years by refined epidemiologic studies and molecular biology, demonstrating oncogenic properties of beta HPV proteins in either keratinocyte cultures or transgenic mice. Viral protein expression has... 
There is increasing recognition in the role of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the etiology of various cancers. Strong mechanistic evidence and carcinogenicity in several animal species has been reported for benzo[a]pyrene, a prototype PAH. Based on this mechanistic evidence and increased risk of lung and skin cancers in several occupations with heavy exposure to PAHs, the International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified benzo[a]pyrene and those occupations as carcinogenic to human. However, although an association between PAHs and some other cancers, e.g. urinary bladder and esophageal cancers, has been suggested, the association between PAHs and cancer in organs... 
Author Name: Keith Howell Category Name: Medical science Description: There are more than 100 different autoimmune diseases. But what unites them all is that they arise from an individual's own cells rare and mysterious immune cells that target not external viruses and bacteria but the body's own healthy organs and tissues. For the first time, Researchers have pinpointed individual cells that cause autoimmune disease from patient samples. They also uncovered how these cells 'go rogue' by evading checkpoints that normally stop immune cells from targeting the body's own tissues. The findings could have significant implications for the diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune... 
Author Name: Keith Howell Category Name: Medical science Description: A new USC study suggests that temporarily suppressing the body's immune system during the early stages of 
Invasive Aspergillosis is an opportunistic mycotic infection witha mortality rate of 15-30% depending on when the infection isdiagnosed and type of therapy elected. While therequirement for a diagnosis of proven invasive pulmonaryaspergillosis remains a lung biopsy for histopathology andculture, these patients are immunocompromised by definitionand such an invasive procedure is often not recommended. Empiric treatment, likewise, is not ideal because the antifungalsrequired to treat invasive aspergillosis are expensive withtreatment of IA in the hospital reaching almost $2900 per dayand antifungals are notoriously toxic. Therefore,diagnosticians increasingly rely on alternative, less invasivetesting. The problem with Aspergillus... 
We have published several studies related to Invasive Pneumococcal Disease, and effectiveness of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines: 7-valent (PCV7) and 13-valent (PCV13). This is the first Latin American, prospective study looking for Otomastoiditis (OM) in children, and the impact of PCV13 on this disease. Methods: Since October/1st/2005 until September/30th/2017, prospective surveillance to identify all children<16 years old with OM at the Tijuana, Mexico, General Hospital was performed. OM was diagnosed with otoscopy, and tomographic signs of OM. Bacterial identification was obtained either from mastoids and/or supramastoid abscesses, and bacterial identification by conventional cultures. Pneumococcal serotyping was performed by the... 
The prevalence of anti-NuMA1 and anti-NuMA2 antibodies in autoimmune, hepatic, infectious and renal inflammatory diseases is well known; however, its presence and possible relevance in cardiovascular diseases still needs to be elucidated. Aim: To evaluate the prevalence of positive anti-NuMA1 and anti-NuMA2 antibody patterns in subjects with autoimmune, non-autoimmune and/or cardiac diseases. Material and methods: This was an observational study run from January 2010 to January 2018. Individuals whose treating physician requested an antibody study and we detected anti NuMA1 and anti NuMA2 pattern in any patients. The files from these patients were reviewed to obtain general data, signs, symptoms,... 
Tuberculosis (TB) remains the most serious infectious disease worldwide and predominantly occurs in developing countries. The annual death from TB caused by Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) and Extensively Drug-Resistant (XDR) Mycobacterium Tuberculosis(MTB) outnumbers Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Especially, 90% of active disease in MDR-TB occurs within the first two years and nearly all within three years, indicating the difficulties of MDR-TB treatment. The traditional anti-TB drugs such asisoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, streptomycin, kanamycin, amikacin, capreomycin, levofloxacin, ofloxacin have been widely used to treat TB at the doses recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). However, previous studies suggested that, MDR-TB did not... 
The function of living organisms is determined by the behavior of chiral compounds and their reactions. Not only the RNA and DNA influence this function, but the enantiomers of amino acids and sugars also have a dominant role. So, it is not surprising that an increasing number of drugs contain single enantiomers, which are often prepared by resolution of racemic compounds obtained due of chemical syntheses. The therapeutically effect of enantiomers can be different, and it is not rare that these effects are opposite. A tragic reminder of the importance of chirality is thalidomide, in the early 1960s. So, the... 
High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) is a reliable and rapid method useful for the detection of product quality and composition. In recent times, HPTLC instrumentation allows to obtain fingerprints suitable to determine composition and identity of plant raw materials. This study aimed at exploring the results of High-performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) analysis as a useful means for the authentication of Allanblackia parviflora kernel and seed oils using the fingerprint approach. Sixteen bulked kernel and seed oil samples from 16 different communities were analyzed by HPTLC method and their fingerprints were compared. The optimum experimental conditions established were sample mass... 
The treatment chosen for your CML largely depends on the phase of your disease, your age and general health. Most people with CML will be treated with drugs called tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). TKIs work by blocking the activity of an enzyme called bcr-abl and thereby preventing the growth and proliferation of the leukemic cells. The most common decision to be made at diagnosis is which of the three available TKI drugs is most suited to you. This varies from person to person and your doctor will examine all the information about you that is available to them to decide... 
Treatment of dracunculiasis in endemic foci may involve either surgery or chemotherapy. Surgical removal of dracunculus is widely practiced in several endemic areas, when the outline of a worm can be seen orpalpated. This approach is however not effective if the worm has burst in the tissue or has broken the skin more than a few days previously. It is also difficult to remove the worm when it is embedded in deep fascia. Over the years, several therapeutic substances have been employed in the treatment of dracunculiasis. Among the earliest trial substances used in West Africa and India were palm... 
Malassezia yeast exist on all humans and have long been associated with healthy and diseased skin. In this Article Collection of Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology; Fungal Pathogenesis, we will present multiple papers outlining the state of the art in understanding the role Malassezia in skin health and disease. Over the last thirty years, the term “microbiome” has grown exponentially in scientific discourse, generating hundreds of thousands of publications and patents. Although the human-associated microbial community consists of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea, the vast majority of these publications have been limited to gut bacteria. Only in the two... 
The practice of hand hygiene by healthcare workers is critical to preventing Healthcare-associated infections. This study was designed to assess the knowledge, attitude and hand hygiene practices among healthcare workers (HCWs) in Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Teaching Hospital, Amaku, Awka, Nigeria. A pretested, structured, self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data on the participant’s demographics, their knowledge and attitude to hand hygiene practices. The data collected were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS-20) and presented as frequency and percentages response. Healthcare-associated infection is a significant public health crisis.Healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) are thought to betransmitted... 
With delayed treatment, schistosome and soil transmitted helminth (STH) infections in young children (<5 years)could potentially lead to irreversible lifelong detrimental health effects. This is because these infections are known tocause suboptimal growth and development in this critical phase of life. The present study sought to document theburden of schistosome and STH infections in Taita Taveta County, Kenya, by determining the prevalence andintensity of the infections in children less than 5 years of age. The study also appraised the association betweeninfections with schistosomes, anaemia and nutritional status in children. A total of 132 children, 53.8% males, wereenrolled... 
One measure of efficiency in a diagnostic laboratory is promptness in producing results. With this in mind, turnaround time (TAT) has become a conspicuous indicator reflecting a lab’s efficiency. Delays in TAT in a high throughput laboratory such as Quantum Diagnostics were identified. Urgent and non-urgent tests TAT which includes H. pylori and EBV tests alongside routine biochemistry were collected from July 2017 till January 2019. Prior to August 2017, samples were run for biochemistry tests on Cobas 8000 (Roche Diagnostics, Germany) prior to processing serology H. pylori (Immulite 2000, Siemens) and EBV (Snibe, BMS) tests. Delayed TAT was... 
Tree nut allergic individuals are often sensitised towards multiple nuts and seeds. The underlying cause behind a multi-sensitisation for cashew nut, hazelnut, peanut and birch pollen is not always clear. We investigated whether IgE cross-reactivity between cashew nut-, hazelnut- and peanut proteins exists in children that are multi-allergic to these foods using a novel IMMULITE®-based inhibition methodology, and investigated which allergens might be responsible. In addition, we explored if an allergy to birch pollen might play a role in this cosensitisation for cashew nut, hazelnut and peanut. Serum of five children with a confirmed cashew nut allergy and suffering... 
Human doping refers to the use of performance-enhancing drugs by the athletes. Human sport doping control analysis is a complex and challenging task for anti-doping laboratories. The field is regulated by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), whose aim is to achieve globally harmonized results and equal treatment for all athletes. The List of Prohibited Substances and Methods is updated annually by WADA and consists of hundreds of chemically and pharmacologically different low and high molecular weight (MW) compounds. In sports, today the aim is to provide equal opportunities for athletes to seek victory and fame. Hence, the use of performance-enhancing... 
Before a novel compound is evaluated in human trials, preliminary characterization of the toxicology profile as well as the efficacy and drug metabolism should be assessed in pre-clinical studies. This can be performed using basic techniques or more advanced strategies such as pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) modelling. The findings may be used to predict how humans would react to the drug, as the disease progression and the PK-PD relationship in humans could be consistent, to some extent, with animal study results. Furthermore, data accumulated from animal experiments that have been well designed, conducted and analysed will contribute to a more successful translation... 
Melanoma is a complex disease driven both by genetic and environmental risk factors, and requires multiple genetic mutations in the evolution from benign nevus into malignant melanoma (MM). Genetic studies of familial and sporadic melanoma have revealed surprising insights into the molecular pathogenesis of this deadly cancer. Collectively, the molecular data show there are four signature pathways involved in melanomagenesis: activation of the RAS?RAF?MEK?ERK and PI3K?AKT pathways and inactivation of the INK4a?RB and ARF?P53 pathways (Chin, 2003). Acting in a coordinated manner, these pathways provide melanocytes the requisite acquired abilities needed to develop into cancer cells: growth-factor independence, insensitivity to... 
Mast cells are ubiquitously present in most tissues, especially surfaces exposed to the environment, close to blood vessels and nerve fibers, as well as in the meninges and the hypothalamus. Mast cells serve as environmental ‘sensors’ and communicate with hormonal, immune and neural systems leading to immune and inflammatory responses. Mast cells serve as first responders with an inherent ability to rapidly release a plethora of mediators, often selectively, depending on exogenous, or endogenous stimuli. In addition to the classical IgE-dependent mode of stimulation, mast cells react to a multitude of other stimuli, including cytokines, hormones, neuropeptides and neurotransmitters. Different... 
Quick, sensitive and specific detection of infectious agents can aid in better treatment of patients and forrecognition of contaminants. Traditional methods suffer from drawbacks of being time consuming and tedious toperform and modern medicine advances call for better detection methods. Strategies employing nanoparticle basedsystems are under investigation to allow for efficient and rapid detection of pathogenic microorganisms.Nanoparticles have been conjugated with nucleic acid probes and antibodies to serve as one step detection system,based on conserved genomic DNA sequences and specific surface proteins expressed by the microorganisms,respectively. Unique size based colorimetric properties are being exploited for developing optical sensors enablingresult visualization... 
Clostridium difficile Associated Diarrhoea (CDAD) is the leading cause of nosocomial diarrhoea. Clostridium difficile Infections (CDIs) may be induced by medication or medical procedures that disrupt normal bowel flora or interfere with bowel motility. The emergence of hyper-virulent strains of CDI, reports of severe or recurrent CDI in immune competent populations, advent of various infection control challenges, and diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas have contributed to a shift in the disease paradigm. However, there is insufficient data on the risk of CDI in vulnerable cancer patients receiving chemotherapy or who are admitted to health care settings for long periods of time.... 
The process of bringing a medicine to the market takes up to 12 years, from initial discovery in the laboratory, through the phases of clinical testing to being licensed and available on the market. Once a molecule is discovered, it undergoes extensive laboratory testing and experiments with animals in order to show its potential properties, safety and its value as a new therapy. The results from the pre-clinical phase are then submitted to regulatory authorities for approval to be tested on people in clinical trials. The clinical trials stage consists of three main phases and all new medicines have to... 
Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious bacterial infection that attacks the lungs and spread to other organs. Globally, tuberculosis remains one of the leading causes of death and public health problems despite dramatic improvements made in providing access to high-quality TB services. WHO estimates that about one third of all incident cases of active TB are not properly diagnosed or receive care of poor quality outside of national TB programs. Among diagnosed cases, the delay of the result is often long. Determination of disease activity of pulmonary tuberculosis is important for treatment; but follow-up of the infection activity... 
The way the patent system interacts with the Food and Drug Administration’s drug approval process skews what kinds of cancer clinical trials are run. There’s more money to be made investing in drugs that will extend cancer patients’ lives by a few months than in drugs that would prevent cancer in the first place. “R & D on cancer prevention and treatment of early-stage cancer is very socially valuable,” the authors told me in an email, “yet our work shows that society provides private firms — perhaps inadvertently — with surprisingly few incentives to conduct this kind of research.” To... 
Reference data for clinical chemistry on reference values of children in Taita Taveta County are fundamental for clinical diagnosis, management and research. In such a study, a target sample population of 120 respondents is usually required. In this study, a total of 577 healthy subjects from Taita Taveta population were employed to generate the normal reference data on eight clinical chemistry markers. The data obtained will provide needed information to medical practitioners with regards to patient management, as well as conducting research studies on disease. The normal laboratory reference values currently employed in clinical and research institution in... 
Nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) are enabling important emerging applications in diverse fields ranging from quantum measurement to biotechnology. In general, the smaller a device, the more susceptible are its physical properties to perturbation by external influences. This enhanced sensitivity of NEMS is opening a variety of unprecedented opportunities for applications such as mass spectrometry, which is now widely used for proteomics. Furthermore, to reliably detect the expression of low-level signals and to understand the fundamental biological processes, it is important to develop techniques capable of single cell or single-molecule analyses. In this work, the exceptional mass sensitivity of ultrahigh-frequency (UHF) NEMS... 
Detailed chemical analysis of water is a prerequisite for assuring the safety of water supplies. Limitations in our ability to identify contaminants in water also limit our ability to assure water quality and to assess environmental impacts. Recent improvements in analytical techniques have expanded the "analytical window," that is, the compound range that is amenable to specific identification. Using these improved tools, much has been learned about the occurrence, fate, and transport of organic chemicals in the environment. The boundaries of the analytical window represent the "analytical frontiers" and are continuously expanded. These boundaries are defined loosely by the contaminant... 
Author Name: Keith Howell Category Name: Medical science Description: Most cell signals are chemical in nature. For example, prokaryotic organisms have sensors that detect nutrients and help them navigate toward food sources. In multicellular organisms, growth factors, hormones, 
Author Name: Keith Howell Category Name: Medical science Description: The findings, from researchers suggest the 
New therapies are currently being developed in the field of skin cancer. In particular, advances in melanoma now represent the frontline of cancer immunotherapy, as immunological findings in the disease have led to the development of highly effective immune-checkpoint inhibitors. However, these immune-checkpoint inhibitors are only effective in a subset of patients, and may not work in other skin cancer types, thus highlighting the need for further innovation in the field of skin cancer treatment. The purpose of this Research Topic is therefore to provide an up-to-date overview of immune processes and new therapies for melanoma and other skin cancers... 
New therapies are currently being developed in the field of skin cancer. In particular, advances in melanoma now represent the frontline of cancer immunotherapy, as immunological findings in the disease have led to the development of highly effective immune-checkpoint inhibitors. However, these immune-checkpoint inhibitors are only effective in a subset of patients, and may not work in other skin cancer types, thus highlighting the need for further innovation in the field of skin cancer treatment. The purpose of this Research Topic is therefore to provide an up-to-date overview of immune processes and new therapies for melanoma and other skin cancers... 
Giardiasis, an illness that affects the digestive tract (stomach and intestines), is caused by a microscopic parasite called Giardia lamblia. The parasite attaches itself to the lining of the small intestines in humans, where it interferes with the body's absorption of fats and carbohydrates from digested foods. Giardia is one of the chief causes of 
Murine coronavirus, mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), causes various diseases depending on the strain and route of inoculation. Both the JHM and A59 strains, when inoculated intracranially or intranasally, are neurovirulent. Comparison of the highly virulent JHM isolate, JHM.SD, with less virulent JHM isolates and with A59 has been used to determine the mechanisms and genes responsible for high neuropathogenicity of MHV. The focus of this review is on the contributions of viral spread, replication, and innate and adaptive immunity to MHV neuropathogenesis. JHM.SD spreads more quickly among neurons than less neurovirulent MHVs, and is able to... 
Author Name: Keith Howell Category Name: Medical science Description: Most cell signals are chemical in nature. For example, prokaryotic organisms have sensors that detect nutrients and help them navigate toward food sources. In multicellular organisms, growth factors, hormones, neurotransmitters, and extracellular matrix components are some of the many types of chemical 
The mass spectrometry (MS) resources on campus aim to provide researchers with state-of-the-art techniques and equipment to characterize biomolecules including proteins and peptides (proteomics, sugars including glycoproteins (glycemic), metabolites (metabolomics) and lipids (lipidomics). A number of state-of-the-art instruments for the separation of biomolecules and their analysis by mass spectrometry-based approaches are available. In addition to providing analytical services, the mass spectrometry facility on campus provides training to on-campus scientific staff on the use of this technology as well as develop new analytical methods required to facilitate on campus research. Lipidomics Facility is driven to establish a hyphenated Mass Spectrometry based... 
Author Name: Keith Howell Category Name: Medical science Description: A clear theme that emerges is the enormous complexity that underlies most cellular responses and the vast variety of proteins and interaction/binding motifs used to transduce 
Psoriasis is a common skin condition that speeds up the life cycle of skin cells. It causes cells to build up rapidly on the surface of the skin. The extra skin cells form scales and red patches that are itchy and sometimes painful. Psoriasis is a chronic disease that often comes and goes. The main goal of treatment is to stop the skin cells from growing so quickly. There is no cure for psoriasis, but you can manage symptoms. Lifestyle measures, such as moisturizing, quitting smoking and managing stress, may help. Symptoms Psoriasis signs and symptoms are different for... 
In recent years, major settling or tilting of buildings and bridges, instability of dams and road embankments have been observed and many attempts have been made in order to mitigate such damages. In this regard, it is necessary to determine the soil improvement alternatives, technically and economically, from the ultimate state design in accordance with geotechnical categories, to stabilize and remediate the existing soft problematic soils prior to the commencement of any construction activities. The aims of improving soils (as foundation and construction materials) are to increase strength, reduce distortion under stress, reduce compressibility, control shrinking and swelling, control permeability... 
COVID-19 is the disease caused by an infection of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, first identified in the city of Wuhan, in China's Hubei province in December 2019. COVID-19 was previously known as 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) respiratory disease before the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the official name as COVID-19 in February 2020. Symptoms The most common symptoms of COVID-19 include dry cough, fever, and shortness of breath. It is thought that symptoms can appear between 2-14 days after exposure although there have been isolated cases which suggest this may be longer. If you develop symptoms, you should stay at home... 
During two of this week’s White House briefings, President Trump referred specifically to two potential treatments that have been identified by medical researchers and clinicians, and that have undergone various degrees of investigation and testing in the ongoing fight against the global coronavirus pandemic. It’s important to note upfront that regardless of what you may have heard, from Trump or any other sources, no drugs or treatments have been proven as effective for either the prevention of contracting COVID-19 or for its treatment. That said, a number of different clinical studies are currently in progress all over the world, and... 
Recently, macromolecules obtained from biomasses, residues or by-products of industrial processes have attracted the interest of the scientific community as valid and green alternatives to polymers of fossil origins. In fact, the substitution of synthetic materials with naturally-derived systems represents an extremely urgent target to effectively achieve sustainable production strategies, within the UN Sustainable Development Goals frame. In this context, food, textile and paper industries may be considered as sources of renewable resources for bio-based material production. Distinctive features of natural processes are their ability to dynamically self-organize and self-heal, leading to complex 3D structures which transcend the scalability concept.... 
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are ion-gated channels that have diverse function in nervous and non-nervous tissues. The α9 and α10 subunits are members of the subfamily I, epithelial ion-gated nicotinic receptor gene family. These subunits are the most recently discovered (and perhaps the last to be discovered) nAChR subunits in mammals, but are phylogenetically the oldest. The α9 and α10 subunits are not expressed in the mammalian brain, making them unique among nAChRs. They were first localized in cochlear hair cells. As a consequence of their discovery in hair cells, the focus of study of these subunits has largely been... 
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels and they include: coronary heart disease – disease of the blood vessels supplying the heart muscle; cerebrovascular disease – disease of the blood vessels supplying the brain; peripheral arterial disease – disease of blood vessels supplying the arms and legs; rheumatic heart disease – damage to the heart muscle and heart valves from rheumatic fever, caused by streptococcal bacteria; congenital heart disease – malformations of heart structure existing at birth; deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism – blood clots in the leg veins, which can... 
Parasites are organisms that live in (or on) another organism, called the host. The parasites can be microscopic or large enough to see with the naked eye, and they survive by feeding from the host. They can also spread parasitic infections, which can lead to sepsis. Sometimes incorrectly called blood poisoning, sepsis is the body’s often deadly response to infection. Sepsis kills and disables millions and requires early suspicion and rapid treatment for survival. Sepsis is and septic shock can result from an infection anywhere in the body, such as 
Hepatitis B is a potentially life-threatening liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It is a major global health problem. It can cause chronic infection and puts people at high risk of death from cirrhosis and liver cancer. A safe and effective vaccine that offers a 98-100% protection against hepatitis B is available. Preventing hepatitis B infection averts the development of complications including the development of chronic disease and liver cancer. Transmission In highly endemic areas, hepatitis B is most commonly spread from mother to child at birth (perinatal transmission), or through horizontal transmission (exposure to infected blood),... 
Metastases to testis are a very rare cause of a 
Author Name: Keith Howell Category Name: Medical science Description: Old human cells return to a more youthful and vigorous state after being induced to briefly express a panel of proteins involved in 
Author Name: Keith Howell Category Name: Medical science Description: The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered. By comparing the available genome sequence data for known 
This research comprises three sections: 1) recent therapeutic options for advanced melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers; 2) investigation of biomarkers to predict the efficacy and adverse events (AEs) for melanoma and non-melanoma patients; and 3) novel diagnostic tools for skin cancers. The last 5 years have seen a great paradigm shift in the treatment of skin cancers, particularly for advanced melanoma. Indeed, once immune checkpoint inhibitors and BRAF inhibitors became available, therapeutic strategies for the treatment of advanced melanoma have changed markedly, prolonging survival and even improving quality of life for patients. Subsequent to these successes in the treatment of... 
While some hormones are “trophic” in terms of their target tissues being primarily other endocrine cells (e.g. TSH, ACTH, gonadotrophins, etc.), most hormones are “pleiotropic” in as much as their target tissues are numerous and functionally heterogeneous. Thyroid hormones, insulin, adrenocorticoids and sex steroids are among the most obvious examples of this. The hormone of the brain’s pineal gland, melatonin (5-methoxy-N-acetyltryptamine) is another notable member of this class, with some interesting parallels to the other hormones mentioned. For example, like steroids and thyroxine, melatonin is secreted without exocytosis and crosses target cell membranes. Melatonin is an evolutionary old molecule that... 
The second objective of this research line is the identification, characterization and study of the biological activity of diverse natural sources of bioactive compounds with potential application in the treatment or prevention of obesity and its associated comorbidities. These bioactive compounds are of great interest for both the food and the pharmaceutical industry, as they can be the basis for the development of new dietary supplements or functional foods. To this end, activity studies of new extracts or molecules are developed in various models (in vitro, C. elegans, rat / mouse, etc.) in order to select candidates prior to their... 
Multiple myeloma (MM) results from the proliferation of a malignant plasma cell and frequently leads to complications such as lytic bone disease, hypercalcemia, renal failure, and impaired immunity. Over the past 2 decades, progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival for MM have more than doubled, largely due to improvements in therapy with the addition of novel agents such as immunomodulatory agents (IMiDs) and proteasome inhibitors (PIs). The understanding of MM pathobiology has undergone a similar period of growth, leading to the discovery of novel targets and pathways that impact proliferation and survival of the malignant clone. Despite these significant improvements, MM... 
Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have drawn more attention—and certainly more presidential support—than any other drug during the global quest to find an effective coronavirus therapy. Now, days after the FDA gave them an emergency approval to treat COVID-19, European regulators are limiting their COVID-19 use to clinical trials only. The decision comes as limited data—some of it questionable—rolls in about the drugs and their potential as COVID-19 therapies. A French study that's made headlines continues to draw fire, but brand-new data from China add to the positive case. In guidance Wednesday, the European Medicines Agency restricted general use of the drugs—already approved to treat malaria and autoimmune... 
The COVID-19 pandemic and the ensuing societal countermeasures are upending operations in many sectors—and biopharma isn't immune. The current lockdown is not only hurting clinical trial enrollment but also delaying regulatory timelines for drugs nearing a decision. And with tried-and-true, in-person marketing techniques no longer allowed, new launches may also feel the pain—or hold off altogether. Consider Bristol Myers Squibb and its big new approval for multiple sclerosis drug Zeposia. It's a long-awaited med, but BMS is postponing the launch under the circumstances. Also in the MS arena, a regulatory decision for Novartis’ repurposed ofatumumab might also come late, ODDO... 
Disorders of Follicular Occlusion include the conditions Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS), Dissecting Cellulitis of the Scalp (DCS), Acne Congolobata (AC) and Pilonidal Sinus Disease (PD). All of these disorders are chronic, burdensome diseases with few efficacious therapeutic options. The prevailing pathogenic paradigm in these disorders are follicular occlusion via a variety of endogenous and exogenous mechanisms, resulting in follicular rupture and dermal inflammatory response. The term ‘disorders of follicular occlusion’ was first coined in 1956 by Pillsbury, Shelley and Kligman based upon commonalities in histopathological and clinical manifestations. However, since this time our understanding of follicular biology, physiology and cutaneous immunology... 
Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous disease of unclear etiology with the potential affection of major organs. It most commonly affects the lungs, skin, eyes, and lymph nodes. Less frequent, though possibly underestimated, manifestations are rheumatic and renal disease. As a systemic disease, it can present in numerous ways and mimic many other conditions, including infections and cancer. While it has been proposed that an abnormal immunologic response to antigens leads to granulomatous inflammation in genetically predisposed individuals, much has to be learned. Sarcoidosis can present as an acute and self-limiting disease or progress to a chronic and potentially debilitating disorder. The... 
Author Name: Keith Howell Category Name: Medical science Description: The researchers say that pairing 
1) Zeposia (ozanimod) Capsules Company: Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Date of Approval: March 25, 2020 Treatment for: Multiple Sclerosis Zeposia (ozanimod) is a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator indicated for the treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). 2) Isturisa (osilodrostat) Tablets Company: Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation Date of Approval: March 6, 2020 Treatment for: Cushing's Syndrome Isturisa (osilodrostat) is a cortisol synthesis inhibitor indicated for the treatment of adult patients with Cushing’s disease. 3) Durysta (bimatoprost) Implant ... 
There has been a spate of drug related illnesses and deaths reported from Pakistan in the press this year. In November, at least 17 people died in the eastern city of Lahore after drinking toxic cough syrup. Earlier in January, an adulterated heart medicine dispensed by the Punjab Institute of Cardiology claimed lives of at least 69 heart patients. It seems appropriate to put these happenings in some perspective. Cough syrups have been at the center of several cases of mass poisonings around the world in recent years, often involving accidental or intentional use of... 
Overview Infectious diseases are transmitted from person to person by direct or indirect contact. Certain types of viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi can all cause infectious disease. Malaria, measles, and respiratory illnesses are examples of infectious diseases. Simple preventative measures, such as frequent hand washing, can cut down on disease transmission. Direct contact Infectious diseases are often spread through direct contact. Types of direct contact include: 1. Person-to-person contact Infectious diseases are commonly transmitted through direct person-to-person contact. Transmission occurs when an infected person... 
Author Name: Keith Howell Category Name: Medical science Description: 
The problem of antibiotic resistance in bacteria has reached the crisis stage. Coincident with ever-increasing rates of resistance to conventional antibiotics is the slowing in development of novel-acting antibiotics by the pharmaceutical industry. The convergence of these trends has led to the relatively common occurrence of multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant bacteria. The World Health Organization recently reported that “a postantibiotic era—in which common infections and minor injuries can kill—far from being an apocalyptic fantasy, is instead a very real possibility for the 21st century”. To fathom such a future, one need only ponder the past. At the beginning... 
Chromatography is the most widely used separation technique in chemical laboratories, where it is used in analysis, isolation and purification, and it is commonly used in the chemical process industry as a component of small and large-scale production. In terms of scale, at one extreme minute quantities of less than a nanogram are separated and identified during analysis, while at the other, hundreds of kilograms of material per hour are processed into refined products. It is the versatility of chromatography in its many variants that is behind its ubiquitous status in separation science, coupled with simplicity of approach and a... 
Absorption is the transfer of the drug into the bloodstream. In IV this process is complete thus the whole dose reaches the systemic circulation. However in other routes of administration the rate and efficiency is dependent on many factors and usually on ly results in partial absorption. Transport in GIT Due to their chemical properties, drugs are absorbed either by passive diffusion or active transport. Passive diffusion: Passive diffusion is facilitated by the concentration gradient accross the membrane. The drug moves from high concentration to low concentration, it does not require an extra carrier or extra energy. Water-soluble agents use... 
The interaction of the gastrointestinal 
The interest of 
What is Drugs Analysis? Within forensic science the role of the drugs section is to prove to a satisfactory level to the court, including the defence, what a substance is and ascertain whether or not it contains any drugs controlled under current legislation. To do this to the level required by the court involves performing a chemical analysis. As well as determining exactly what drug may be in a given substance (qualitative analysis), further chemical analysis can determine the amount of the drug present and thereby provide the purity of the substance (quantitative analysis). How We Analyse Drugs There are... 
Macronutrients such as nitrogen, phosphate, sulphate and micronutrients such as iron, copper and zinc are essential for various aspects of plant growth and development, but these elements may also be toxic if accumulated in the plant cell in excess. Non-essential elements like cadmium, arsenic, and aluminum are potentially highly toxic; however they are increasingly being emitted into the environment due to anthropogenic activities. Soils often challenge sessile plants with poor availability of essential minerals or elevated concentrations of toxic elements. These challenges are often exacerbated by soil type. For example, NO3− is the main source of inorganic nitrogen for plants... 
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women worldwide and is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. The vast majority of breast cancers arise from epithelial cells, either in the ducts or lobules, as a consequence of genetic and epigenetic alterations, which lead to aberrant growth control and disruption of intracellular signalling at the tissue level. For these reasons, breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease with multiple sub-types, with distinct cells of origin and etiology. The increased expression of estrogen receptors (ER), that occurs at the earlier stages of breast tumor development and is common to different... 
An enzymatic biosensor has been developed for detection of hydrogen peroxide with immobilized Horseradish peroxidase (HRP). HRP was immobilized by using glutaraldehyde (GA) that cross linked with modified polyaniline (PANI) as mediator to improve electron transfer. Modified carbon paste electrodes (MCPE) PANI was more effective during electron transfer compared to carbon paste electrodes (CPE). Cyclic voltammetry method (VC) was used to determine the electrochemical properties of the modified electrode substrate to produce redox reactions. The effect of pH and temperature were analysed by cyclic voltammetry. The optimum performance of HRP/GA/PANI was at pH 7 and 50°C. Kinetics parameters HRP enzyme... 
Manufacturing is the life line and driver of economic development; by producing goods we not only achieve growth but also vastly improve our quality of life. Manufacturing in simple terms means taking certain raw materials and converting them into value added products and invariably nuisance value by-products or creating eco-impact at various levels and with more. In addition, consumption of the key material from the nature depletes the same and without a concerted eco-responsible effort the natural resource is lost for ever. Green Manufacturing Enabling Sustainability A paradigm shift in manufacturing mind-set, defined figuratively as “Green manufacturing” has emerged as... 
Here a kinetic in vitro study of n-acetylcysteine (NAC) on mouse brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was performed, as well, few studies with the aim to improve Ellman’s methodology based on SH contain compounds. The ideal 5,5´-dithio-bis-2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB) concentration was of 0.3 mM and ideal medium pH=7.4. AChE demonstrated linear activity for all acetylthiocholine iodide (ATCh) tested concentrations (0.025-0.450 mM). To avoid any DTNB-NAC interaction interference, 30 sec were applied to the assay method, so-called stabilization time. No differences in Km (mM) for all NAC tested concentrations were observed. At the NAC concentrations started from 75 µM significant differences in... 
There has been great emphasis on the use of biodiesel due to worldwide scarcity of fossil fuels, increasing crude oil prices and environmental concerns to reduce pollution. Production of biodiesel from biologically derived oils involves trans esterification of these triglycerides with short chain alcohols to yield alkyl esters of fatty acids. These can be used in engines which are having compression ignition (diesel) and are termed as “biodiesel”. Trans esterification catalysis reaction can be chemical and enzymatic by nature. The disadvantages of chemical synthesis processes (for instance expenditure of high energy, triglycerides trans esterification with high free fatty acid... 
All multicellular organisms must detect injury to mount adequate responses. Plants respond with induced resistance, animals with local immunity and regeneration, and fungi exhibit wound-induced conidiation. Intact cells perceive damage-associated molecular patters (DAMPs) in the extracellular space as 'danger signals' to recognise damage before infection occurs. Molecules such as extracellular ATP and fragments of the cell wall or the extra- or intracellular matrix function as DAMPs in organisms across different kingdoms. All these DAMPs represent fragments of larger molecules or intracellular molecules. Thus, their occurrence in the extracellular space indicates the presence of damaged cells. This model, originally promoted by... 
The word diuresis is derived from the Greek word ourein which means ‘’to urinate’’. The diuretic agents are not only involved in the excretion of water but also capable to remove or excrete other urinary constituents which may be beneficial in the treatment of different conditions like hypertension, edema. Diuretic agents reduce morbidity and mortality related to stroke and congestive heart failure in hypertensive patients. Hypertension can be defined as sustained increase in systolic blood pressure greater than 140 mmHg and diastolic pressure greater than 90 mmHg. Generally hypertension is classified into two types, based on the causes i.e., Primary... 
On behalf of our esteemed journal 
In the last ten years, placenta, fetal membranes (i.e. amnion and chorion), and amniotic fluid have been extensively investigated as a potential non-controversial source of stem cells. They are usually discarded after delivery and are accessible during pregnancy through amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling. Several populations of cells with multi-lineage differentiation potential and immunemodulatory properties have been isolated from the human placenta and fetal membranes; they have been classified by an international workshop as human amniotic epithelial cells (hAECs) [human amniotic mesenchymal stromal cells (hAMSCs) human chorionic mesenchymal stromal cells (hCMSCs) and human chorionic trophoblastic cells (hCTCs). In the amniotic... 
As the need and interest for producing renewable biofuels and biochemical has grown, new avenues to improve product yields and productivity have been explored. Specifically, improving the tolerance of host microbes towards stressors, such as heat shock or the presence of harmful solvents, has been an especially important route to improve industrial-scale chemical production. In this review, we discuss recent advances in microbial engineering for renewable chemical production through the introduction and expression of chaperonins, especially the bacterial GroE complex. The GroE complex provides a closed-off environment and allows vital proteins to enter and engage in post-translational folding or refolding... 
Neutrophil-mediated skin diseases encompass a wide spectrum of diseases characterized by polymorphic cutaneous manifestations. They are histopathologically hallmarked by sterile neutrophilic infiltrates involving the skin and, more rarely, the internal organs. Neutrophil-mediated skin diseases share clinicopathological features with those of autoinflammatory diseases, which present in patients with recurrent episodes of aseptic inflammation in the affected organs in absence of allergy or frank autoimmunity. In classic autoinflammatory diseases, mutations in genes regulating innate immune responses leads to altered activation of the inflammasome. The inflammasome is a molecular platform responsible for triggering autoinflammatory processes via the uncontrolled release of interleukin (IL)-1β, as... 
Cutaneous wounds are a largely unrecognized, spiraling epidemic that affects millions of people worldwide. Healing and regeneration of wounds is a complex process that has at its core a functional inflammatory response that initiates the repair process and fights against infective pathogens. Wound inflammation is a tightly regulated process involving neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, and various leukocytes and tissue restoration mechanisms working in concert to allow healing and tissue restoration following injury. However, in many conditions, dysregulated and/or prolonged inflammation leads to the development of chronic wounds and contributes to excessive scar formation. Over the past few decades, scientific advances... 
The demand for proteins with special purposes increases significantly. These proteins are generally obtained through recombinant proteins; however their purification is costly and not easy. It is necessarily important to develop a method to estimate the chance of purification beforehand in order to have a prospective on proteins in question. Purification of a protein should be related to instinct properties of a protein including its 3D structure, and so far around 540 amino acid properties are found. Thus it is possible to test each amino acid property against the successful rate of protein purification to find out which property is... 
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the most widely used yeast in research and industries, however the downstream processes for its protein production are costly. This study attempted to find out a simple way to predict the success rate of protein purification with amino acid features. Logistic regression and neural network model were used to test each of 535 amino acid features one by one against the purification state of 1294 expressed proteins from S. cerevisiae, of which 870 were purified. The results show that the predictive performance of neural network is more powerful than that of logistic regression. Some amino acid features... 
An ultrasound scan finds its applications in medical and research field . The ultrasound technology uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of the internal organs of the body. The major benefit of ultrasound is it does not utilize or emit any radiation that causes harm to the human body. Thus it is also suitable for use during pregnancy.An ultrasound is recommended for heart, kidneys, bladder, brain (in infants), eyes, liver, ovaries, pancreas, spleen, thyroid and other body organs. Another important application of ultrasound is found under water where an ultrasonic pulse is generated in a specified direction . This... 
Single-Blind Peer Review Journal devoted to the clinical practice of anaesthesia. Journal of Perioperative Medicine a wide range of articles in the discipline of 
Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous disease of unclear etiology with the potential affection of major organs. It most commonly affects the lungs, skin, eyes, and lymph nodes. Less frequent, though possibly underestimated, manifestations are rheumatic and renal disease. As a systemic disease, it can present in numerous ways and mimic many other conditions, including infections and cancer. While it has been proposed that an abnormal immunologic response to antigens leads to granulomatous inflammation in genetically predisposed individuals, much has to be learned. Sarcoidosis can present as an acute and self-limiting disease or progress to a chronic and potentially debilitating disorder. The... 
B-cells have multiple pathogenic roles in rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs). The two most evaluated strategies for B-cell blockade over the last two decades are B-cell depletion and inhibition of B-cell survival factors (BAFF and/or APRIL). Rituximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody depletes B-cells by targeting CD20, although the depth, duration of depletion and clinical response may vary between patients. Recent data have supported the efficacy of reduced rituximab dose and the different retreatment strategies in both its licensed indications; rheumatoid arthritis and granulomatosis with polyangiitis/microscopic polyangiitis, although long-term data are still needed to establish the optimal approach. Despite the failure... 
Cephalosporin C demand is increasing worldwide because of its enhanced antibacterial spectrum that it can be used to treat diseases and infections caused by Gram positive/or Gram negative bacterial strains. Cephalosporin C is easily produced from the fungus Acremonium chrysogenum by the process of fermentation in a bioreactor under optimum reaction conditions to obtain maximum yield of the antibiotic. Additional chemical and structural modifications in the existing cephalosporin C could further enhance its antimicrobial spectrum. Acremonium chrysogenum also known as Cephalosporium acremonium is the industrial producer of the antibiotic cephalosporin C, a beta-lactam antibiotic. Today cephalosporin and its derivatives are... 
Protein–protein interactions (PPIs) are the physical contacts of high specificity established between two or more 
The metabolic enzyme expression remodelling is now widely known as hallmark of cancer, but it is not clear whether individual metabolic strategies are frequently exploited by many tumours. The highest scoring pathway is mitochondrial one-carbon metabolism and protein are markedly elevated in many cancers and correlated with poor survival in breast cancer. In this it shows the importance of mitochondrial compartmentalization of one carbon metabolism in cancer and raises important therapeutic hypotheses. Enzymes are an important staple in the biopharmaceutical, agricultural and chemical fields. However, expression of these workhorse proteins comes with a number of problems as well. Bacterial hosts... 
A bioprocess is a specific process that uses complete living cells or their components (e.g., bacteria, enzymes, chloroplasts) to obtain desired products. Transport of energy and mass is fundamental to many biological and environmental processes. Areas, from food processing (including brewing beer) to thermal design of buildings to biomedical devices to pollution control and global warming, require knowledge of how energy and mass can be transported through materials (momentum, heat transfer, etc.). Cell bioprocessing: Cell therapy bioprocessing is a discipline that bridges the fields of cell therapy and bioprocessing (i.e., biopharmaceutical manufacturing), and is a sub-field of bioprocess engineering.... 
It is often overseen that the skin or integument is the biggest organ of the human body. Moreover, skin importance spans different fields, from esthetics and social interactions to various diseases and their multiple upshots. Notably, skin and internal organs are bidirectionally related: an organ disease can alter skin structure and function, and vice versa. An example of this mutual relationship is acute or chronic urticaria (hives) with or without angioedema, which affects wide skin areas and is caused by immune reactions to foreign antigens, autoimmunity, malignancy, and so on. The reverse example is a deep and extended burn wound... 
Tissues and organs undergo structural and functional declines in the aging process, with a gradual decrease in regenerative ability. The hair follicle is a complex mini-organ that undergoes cyclic self-renewal during postnatal life, as the follicle contains stem cells that can be activated and silenced cyclically. Thus, it serves as an excellent model for studying regeneration. However, follicles gradually lose hairs and stem cells enter quiescence or differentiate into other skin epithelial lineages during aging. This process is largely influenced by intrinsic epigenetic status and extrinsic environmental factors which affect the hair follicle stem cell behavior during hair cycling. In... 
Malassezia yeast existS on all humans and have long been associated with healthy and diseased skin. In this Article Collection of Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology; Fungal Pathogenesis, we will present multiple papers outlining the state of the art in understanding the role Malassezia in skin health and disease. Over the last thirty years, the term “microbiome” has grown exponentially in scientific discourse, generating hundreds of thousands of publications and patents. Although the human-associated microbial community consists of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea, the vast majority of these publications have been limited to gut bacteria. Only in the two... 
Over the past decades, large numbers of genes and genomic regions involved in human complex diseases have been revealed through linkage analysis, candidate gene study, and genome-wide linkage study. These help to determine the position of the genetic marker inherited with a complex disease. Since 2005, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been proved to be the most powerful and efficient study design for identifying genetic variants that are associated with complex diseases. More than twenty kinds of skin diseases and traits have been investigated by this approach including psoriasis, SLE, leprosy, vitiligo, and atopic dermatitis. Recently, Next-Generation DNA Re-Sequencing and... 
Metabolism is chemical reactions occurring in organisms. Without enzymes metabolism wouldn’t be fast enough to support life. Metabolism refers to all the chemical reactions occurring in organisms. Chemical composition: Enzymes are made of protein. Protein consists of one or more polypeptide chain. These are made of long chains of amino acids connected by peptide bonds. Structure of Enzymes: In enzymes, the polypeptide chain is folded into a 3D shape. A part of the enzyme is called the active site. This attaches to the substrate The substrate is molecules the enzymes act upon. Specific of enzymes: ... 
The original idea of using enzyme as detergents was described in 1913 by Dr Otto Rohm, who patented the use of crude pancreatic extracts in laundry pre-soak compositions to improve the removal of biological stains. In the same year, the first enzymatic detergent named Burnus was launched, but was not popular because of its own limitations. Subsequently, Bio- 40 - a detergent containing a bacterial protease was produced in Switzerland and launched in the market in1959 and it gradually became popular. In the period from 1965 to 1970, use and sale of detergent enzymes grew very fast. In 1970, the... 
The past year has seen a wider application of knowledge originating over the last decade rather than startling new developments. For brevity, only serum enzymes will be considered and the points at which progress is being made are indicated by the sectional headings which follow. ENZYME METHODOLOGY: Considerable change is taking place in established enzyme methods and new forms of methodology are being developed. Colorimetric kinetic assays Together with the familiar ultraviolet (UY) kinetic assays, newer kinetic assays utilising wavelengths in the visible part of the spectrum are proving increasingly popular. They have been rendered possible by the increasing... 
Primary cutaneous lymphomas (PCLs) are non-Hodgkin lymphomas that are present only in the skin at the time of diagnosis, and without evidence of extracutaneous manifestations. Among extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphomas, PCLs are the second most frequently observed type after gastrointestinal lymphomas. PCLs occur at an incidence of 1 per 100,000 persons annually, and about 25% to 30% of all are Cutaneous B-cell lymphomas (CBCLs). CBCLs can be further classified according to clinical behavior as either aggressive or indolent. Indolent CBCLs include primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma (PCMZL) and primary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma (PCFCL), whereas the aggressive CBCLs are diffuse large... 
Publishing highly topical clinical research relating to the perioperiative care of surgical patients, 
This Research Topic will be an interdisciplinary collection of papers by philosophers, psychologists and social scientists. The proposed topic is an exploration of the scaffolded or environmentally supported nature of affectivity. Standard approaches in philosophy and psychology characterize affective states (such as specific emotions and moods) as states of a person’s brain and body. This Research Topic will explore the extent to which affective states also importantly depend upon structures and processes in the environment. In particular, it will explore the way in which people actively manipulate their surroundings to create what we can call affective niches: self-styled environments that... 
Here are some examples of enzyme biotechnology you might use every day in your own home. In many cases, the commercial processes first exploited naturally occurring enzymes. However, this does not mean the enzyme(s) being used were as efficient as they could be.With time, research, and improved protein engineering methods, many enzymes have been genetically modified. These modifications allow them to be more effective at the desired temperatures, pH, or other manufacturing conditions typically unsuitable for enzyme activity (e.g. harsh chemicals). They are also more applicable and efficient for industrial or home applications. I. Application in feed The use of... 
"The bandage keeps coming off my arm, but it definitely sticks to my fingertip." Some people might have a similar experience. From this phenomenon, we can bring up several interesting questions. Why does the stickiness vary from location to location on the skin? What information is computed from the sticky surface elements and how? What is the relationship between physical and perceptual stickiness? Unfortunately, at the moment, little information is mounted to answer these questions. Previous studies revealed that the tactile sense of stickiness is aroused when the skin is stretched as people detach their body from an adhesive substance.... 
Understanding the microenvironment within skin cancers is key for the development of new preventative and therapeutic treatment options. Research advances in skin cancers such as melanoma have revolutionized immunotherapeutic treatment options, for example through the provision of checkpoint inhibitor trials that have benefitted not just melanoma patients, but also patients with a wide array of other cancers, including less readily accessible cancer types. However, checkpoint inhibitor success is limited in melanoma and unlikely to become the mainstay of treatment for other skin cancer types like squamous cell carcinoma. Therefore, many skin cancer subtypes remain with few treatment options and there... 
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For many years melanoma was considered a significant challenge by oncologists. In 2011 the story changed because of the approval of ipilimumab, an anti-CTLA4 monoclonal antibody, and vemurafenib, a BRAF inhibitor active on BRAF mutated melanoma. These two revolutionary drugs completely changed the management of metastatic melanoma and, for the first time, became possible to achieve a significative impact on overall survival. To improve the efficacy of ipilimumab and vemurafenib have been designed clinical trials, now ongoing, of combination with other targeted agents (e.g. MEK inhibitors) and immunotherapeutic compounds (e.g. anti-PD-L1). Other possible combinations of these two new drugs can... 
Journal of Developing Drugs is an open access publishing that aims to focus on the Drugs, and also related to Chemistry and Pharmacy. Journal of Developing Drugs deals with chemical compounds found in Drugs that usually has a pharmacological or biological activity for use in pharmaceutical drug discovery and drug design. Articles such as original research papers, review articles, short communications, case reports and commentaries are welcome. Articles related to Drug Metabolism, Drug Designing, Clinical Trails, Drug Discovery, Biopharmceutics, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of the Drugs. The main aim of the Journal of Developing Drugs and Research is to publish high... 
Enzymes are known to catalyze more than 5,000 biochemical reaction types.Other biocatalysts are catalytic RNA molecules, called ribozymes. Enzymes' specificity comes from their unique three-dimensional structures. Enzymes are sensitive to external conditions and therefore have unstable characteristics. High temperature, strong acid, alkali and some heavy metal ions will lead enzyme to lose activity and useless. Enzymes are generally difficult to preserve, which brings great difficulties to a wide range of applications. According to the function of the enzyme, enzymes are usually divided into six categories: A. oxidoreductases, including sub-oxidase and dehydrogenase, which are involved in productivity, detoxification and the synthesis... 
Enzyme is a kind of catalytic protein produced in the body, functioning as a catalyst. The catalyst can accelerate the chemical reaction without the change of amount and chemistry after the chemical reaction. All enzymes are macromolecules made up of many amino acids with a molecular weight between 10,000 and 1,000,000. Natural enzyme molecules include simple enzymes and binding enzymes. The former molecular composition contains only protein, the latter contains non-protein components, as well as protein composition. Some also contain metal ions. Non-protein components in enzymes are known as cofactors. The combination of cofactors and enzyme proteins is called holoenzyme.... 
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Life expectancy is on the rise worldwide. Within the US alone, it is estimated that 20% of the population will be over the age of 65 years by 2030. Normal aging results in a relentless deterioration of both sleep and wakefulness. This includes sleep fragmentation and the inability to sustain wakefulness during the active phase in humans and rodents. Impairments in both behavioral states become more pronounced in many age-dependent neurodegenerative processes. Impaired wakefulness interferes with cognitive function and quality of life for millions of older Americans. Recent data indicates that sleep disruption and disorders might themselves contribute to the... 
Skin blistering is commonly caused by mechanical, physical or infectious insults. More rarely, mutations of structural components of the skin or autoimmunity directed against those structural components lead to skin blistering. Skin blistering is commonly caused by mechanical, physical or infectious insults. More rarely, mutations of structural components of the skin or autoimmunity directed against those structural components lead to skin blistering. Albeit among the less frequent causes of skin blistering, understanding of the pathomechanisms of hereditary and autoimmune skin blistering has provided detailed insights into cutaneous biology and (auto)immunity. In recent years, genetics, definition of autoantigens, model systems and... 
Protein engineering is a powerful tool in synthetic biology that can create proteins with tremendous potential for therapeutic and industrial use. The field has recently taken giant leaps forward from its origins, and some of its pioneers predict that the next five to ten years hold exponentially more promise. Early protein engineering was what David Baker, Ph.D., director of the Institute for Protein Design at the University of Washington, called “Neanderthal protein design.” “You’d look around in nature for something where you could make a couple of amino acid substitutions. It’s like when early humans needed a tool, they’d sharpen... 
Engineered proteins can be used to optimize desired traits in plants; even though recent advances have resulted in new application areas, certain methodological challenges remain. Protein engineering and directed evolution are powerful technologies for probing protein sequence-function relationships. These methods have been used to engineer both plant-derived proteins and exogenous proteins heterologously expressed in plants. In this review, we aim to further increase the interdisciplinary crossover between the disciplines of protein engineering and plant biology by first introducing protein engineering in some detail. This introduction is key to understanding current limitations to protein engineering when applied to plants. Subsequently, we... 
In the current therapy of autoimmune disease, a significant progress has been made in terms of introducing novel, mostly biologic, drugs in place of chemical molecules. These biologic agents enhance or replace conventional immunosuppressive therapies. Their mechanism of action consists in disrupting the inflammatory process. The categories of biologics include inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor, interleukins, T cells, B cells, or JAK. Biologics, or biologic-response modifiers, may be prescribed for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, including many types of arthritis (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and psoriatic arthritis), as well as inflammatory bowel diseases or psoriasis. Biologics exert significant clinical... 
Researchers demonstrate that resveratrol, the ingredient which is found in red wine, prevents the growth of breast cancer cells by stopping the growth effects of estrogen. These study results suggest that resveratrol is capable of counteracting the malignant progression as it suppresses the spreading of hormone resistant breast cancer cells. The discovery has significant implications for treating breast cancer in women whose tumors at some point develop a resistance to hormonal therapy. The researchers made use of a number of breast cancer cell lines that express the estrogen receptor in order to evaluate the effects of resveratrol. The different cells... 
According to a study, 2 drugs made use of for treating type 2 diabetes may be associated with a significantly higher risk of the development of pancreatic cancer and pancreatitis, and 1 of the drugs may be associated with an increased thyroid cancer risk. Researchers analyzed the FDA’s database for adverse events reported by individuals making use of the type 2 diabetes drugs exenatide and sitagliptin. A 6 times the increase in the odds ratio for reported pancreatitis cases with these drugs was found, in comparison to 4 other diabetes control therapies. It was also found that individuals using the... 
As the research in the field of Dermatology has been increasing day-by-day, the clinical investigations and trails are also been advanced. Inflammation caused by the hyper-activation of innate immunity due to genetic factors occasionally leads to inflammatory keratinization diseases of the skin. Such inflammatory keratinization diseases with genetic autoinflammatory pathogeneses are called “autoinflammatory keratinization diseases” (AiKD). AiKD also includes diseases with mixed pathological mechanisms of autoinflammation and autoimmunity. AiKD have primary genetic causative factors associated with autoinflammation mainly in the epidermis and the upper dermis. Autoinflammation in the epidermis and the upper dermis leads to hyperkeratosis in the skin, resulting... 
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In the last few decades, autoimmune diseases have become a major clinical burden. The reasons for this are manifold, including (i) increasing incidence; (ii) the lack of therapies that target the underlying cause of the specific disease in question and (iii) the high rate of adverse events due to prolonged, unspecific immunosuppression. The skin is one of the largest organs of the human body and several autoimmune diseases manifest at the skin. These include skin-specific autoimmune diseases and cutaneous manifestations of systemic autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, with the recent success of immune checkpoint therapy in cancer, immune-mediated adverse effects on the... 
If "drugs" have been defined as compounds used in the treatment and prevention of diseases, or are intended to affect a physiological function, "cosmetics" have been labelled as substances that clean or enhance the appearance of the skin without therapeutic benefits. There is also a grey area bordering these two fields, for which the term "cosmeceuticals" has been defined. “Cosmeceuticals” are described as hybrids between drugs and cosmetic products which are able to enhance both health and beauty of the skin by external application. Cosmeceuticals, bridge the gap between pharmaceuticals, skin diseases and cosmetics. ‘Cosmeceuticals’ are topical cosmetic-pharmaceutical hybrids intended... 
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Antitumor Antibiotics Antitumor antibiotics are chemo treatments made of natural merchandise made by species of the soil plant life actinomycete. These medication act throughout multiple phases of the cell cycle and are thought of cell-cycle specific. There are many forms of growth antibiotics: Anthracyclines: antibiotic, Daunorubicin, Epirubicin, Mitoxantrone, and Idarubicin. Chromomycins: Dactinomycin and Plicamycin. Alkylating Agents Alkylating agents are most active within the resting section of the cell. These forms of medication are cell-cycle non-specific. There are many forms of alkylating agents utilized in therapy treatments: Poison gas derivatives: Mechlorethamine, Cyclophosphamide, alkalating agent, Melphalan, and Ifosfamide. Ethylenimines:... 
[ISSN: 2167-7700 | Index Copernicus Value: 62.73] Greetings from Chemotherapy: Open Access! 
The search for further knowledge on skin functions and mechanisms is at the core of many biomedical and biopharmaceutical research programs today. The extension and complexity of the skin justifies its multiple roles, affecting all physiological processes, far beyond its “barrier” characteristics. More research on skin physiology is needed to better understand various disease mechanisms, and these need not be confined to the skin itself. Skin is also a target for new molecules, supplements, materials and even instruments, with the potential to impact the whole body. Because of its accessibility and relative dimension, it is also a model to study... 
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Inviting you to Join as an Editorial Board: Open Access Journal “Journal of Thyroid Disorders & Therapy” offers the most comprehensive and reliable information pertaining to the latest developments in the field. The Journal also believes in advancing new hypotheses and opinions by means of its high-quality Reviews, Perspectives, and Commentaries. Thus, the content published in the journal is original and comprehensive. Manuscripts are subjected to rigorous peer review, where acclaimed scientists that are part of the editorial board are involved in this process to add value to the research findings. The impartial and transparent review process ensures the... 
Explore the Current trends in the world of Thyroid Cancer Thyroid Cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the thyroid gland. Your thyroid is shaped like a small butterfly, and is usually found inside the lower front of your neck. It’s a gland that controls your metabolism. If it’s caught early, thyroid cancer is one of the most treatable forms of cancer. Types of Thyroid Cancer Researchers have identified four main types: Papillary thyroid cancer. Follicular thyroid cancer Medullary cancer Anaplastic thyroid cancer Thyroid lymphoma. Risk factors Factors that may increase the risk of thyroid... 
A vast body of research, collected over decades, has confirmed that 
Now-a-days, dermatologists and immunologists are striving hard to develop new therapies in the field of skin cancer. In particular, immunological findings have led to the development of highly effective immune-checkpoint inhibitors for cancer. Hence, they are being highlighted and improvised in the field of skin cancer treatment. The purpose of this Research Topic is therefore to provide an up-to-date overview of immune processes and new therapies for melanoma and other skin cancers in order to further stimulate the development of new and even more successful treatments. 
Enzymes are known to catalyse more than 5,000 biochemical reaction types. Other biocatalysts are catalytic RNA molecules, called ribozymes. Enzymes' specificity comes from their unique three-dimensional structures. Like all catalysts, enzymes increase the reaction rate by lowering its activation energy. Some enzymes can make their conversion of substrate to product occur many millions of times faster. An extreme example is orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase, which allows a reaction that would otherwise take millions of years to occur in milliseconds. Our Journal 
Enzymes are both proteins and biological catalysts (biocatalysts). Catalysts accelerate chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as products. Almost all metabolic processes in the cell need enzyme catalysis in order to occur at rates fast enough to sustain life. Metabolic pathways depend upon enzymes to catalyse individual steps. The study of enzymes is called enzymology and a new field of pseudo enzyme analysis has recently grown up, recognising that during evolution, some enzymes have lost the ability to carry out biological catalysis, which is often reflected in their amino acid sequences and unusual 'pseudo catalytic' properties. Our Journal 
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Allergy and Therapy announces International Collaborations with Research Institutes and Universities. In line with development of friendly international cooperation, 
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Dermatology is a discipline of medical science that deals with the dermal, skin diseases and associated treatment regime. Clinical practices in relation to dermatology embrace several sub disciplines including Dermatitis, Cosmetic dermatology, 
